Vocabulary

Rubus buergeri (species of raspberry)

Rubus palmatus var. coptophyllus (specific variety of raspberry)

native raspberry (Rubus parvifolius)

Okinawan dragon boat race

white dragon

dragon boat

dragon boat

serotonin

sheltered workshop

air conditioner; cooler

Later Liang dynasty (of China; 907-923)

Five Dynasties (of China; 907-979)

Later Tang dynasty (of China; 923-937); Later T'ang dynasty

Later Jin dynasty (of China; 936-947); Later Chin dynasty

Later Zhou dynasty (of China; 951-960); Later Chou dynasty

strappado

torture (in the Edo-period)

sleep deprivation (Edo-period torture method)

bondage torture where the bound victim sits cross-legged with their arms tied behind them, with the rope tightened until their ankles touch their neck

torture

torture

United Nations Convention Against Torture (1987)

form of bondage torture in which the victim is hung from the ceiling with their hands and legs bound behind them and a rock placed on their back (Edo period)

instrument of torture

Edo-period form of torture in which criminals were stuffed into straw bags with their heads exposed, piled together, and whipped (commonly used on Christians)

torture in which the victim is bound and placed in a tub of snakes

torture in which the victim is whipped with arrow shafts

ishidaki; form of Edo-period torture in which the victim kneels on triangular wedges and stone slabs are placed on their lap

whipping, stone placement, and shrimp-tie bondage (three forms of Edo-period torture)

having an expert eye; having a discerning eye

having an expert eye

red cornetfish (Fistularia petimba)

bluespotted cornetfish (Fistularia commersonii)

Scirpus yagara (species of club-rush)

saprophagy

saprophytic plant

saprophytic fungus; saprophytic bacteria

saprophagy

Gastrodia elata (species of saprophytic orchid)

branched bur-reed (Sparganium erectum); simplestem bur-reed