Grammar
N3 particle

By means of / depending on 〜によって

Meaning

Four related jobs: the means, the cause, the agent of a passive, or "it varies depending on ~".

Formation

Notes

により is the written form. As the agent of a passive it replaces に for creations: この本は夏目漱石によって書かれた. With 違う, 異なる or それぞれ it means "varies with": 人によって違う. によると is different again — it marks a source of information: 天気予報によると.

Examples

Customs differ from country to country.

Breakdown
customs country depending on differ

This novel was written by a famous author. (agent of a passive)

Breakdown
this novel a famous author by (agent, for creations) was written

The road was closed because of an accident.

Breakdown
accident because of road was closed

We solved the problem through discussion. (means)

Breakdown
discussion by means of problem solved

Prices vary from shop to shop. (により, the written form)

Breakdown
price shop depending on (written) differ