Grammar
N5 verb-grammar

Doing without 〜ないで

Meaning

"Without doing ~". Joins two actions where the first is NOT done. The main (second) clause describes what IS done instead.

Formation

Notes

Distinct from 〜なくて (which gives a reason). 〜ないでください (please don't) is built from this. Often the subject does B instead of A: 朝ご飯を食べないで学校に行った "went to school without eating breakfast".

Examples

I went to school without eating breakfast.

Breakdown
breakfast (object) without eating school to went

I tried reading without using a dictionary.

Breakdown
dictionary (object) without using read and tried

He left without saying anything.

Breakdown
anything without saying returned

I went out without bringing an umbrella.

Breakdown
umbrella (object) without bringing went out

I'm working without resting.

Breakdown
without resting am working