Grammar
N4 conditional

In case 〜場合は

Meaning

"In the event that ~ / in the case that ~". Used to discuss what to do in a particular (often undesirable) situation.

Formation

Notes

More formal/abstract than たら. Common in instructions, manuals, and warnings. Often followed by a recommendation or instruction about what to do.

Examples

In the event of an earthquake, please hide under a desk.

Breakdown
earthquake (subject) occurred in case desk (modifier) under under hide (te) please

If you don't understand, please ask.

Breakdown
do not understand in case ask (te) please

In case of rain, the sports festival will be postponed.

Breakdown
rain (modifier) in case sports festival (topic) is postponed

If it breaks, please call this number.

Breakdown
broke in case this number to call (te) please

In an emergency, please dial 110.

Breakdown
emergency (modifier) in case number 110 to dial (te) please

⚠️ Often confused with

Conditional と (whenever / when)

Two uses: (1) natural/habitual consequence — "whenever A happens, B happens"; (2) discover...

Conditional 〜ば (if / whenever)

A general conditional — "if A, then B". Formed from the hypothetical form (仮定形) of the...

Conditional 〜たら (if / when / after)

The most versatile conditional. "If/when A happens, B". Formed from the ta-form stem + ら....

Conditional 〜なら (if / given that)

A conditional based on the listener's stated or known information — "if it's the case that...

Even if 〜ても

"Even if A, B" / "no matter if A". Indicates that B happens regardless of A. The result is...

Unless 〜ないことには

"Unless ~", "without first ~ing" — nothing can proceed until this happens.

Supposing 〜としたら

"Supposing ~", "if we assume ~" — reasoning from a hypothetical.

Not until 〜てからでないと

"Not until ~", "unless ~ is done first" — a precondition that must come first.

If only 〜さえ〜ば

"If only ~", "as long as just ~" — one sufficient condition.