Grammar
N4 verb-form

Passive form 受身形

Meaning

The passive voice — "to be ~ed". The subject receives the action. Also used for the "suffering passive" (adversative) where something unfortunate happens to the subject.

Formation

Notes

Same shape as potential for Group 2 / Group 3 来る — context decides. The DO-er is marked by に: 先生に褒められた ("was praised by the teacher"). Suffering passive: 友達に来られて、勉強できなかった ("a friend came [on me] and I couldn't study").

Examples

I was praised by the teacher. (do-er marked by に)

Breakdown
I (topic) teacher by was praised

This book is read by many people.

Breakdown
this book (topic) many (modifier) person by is read

I had my wallet stolen by a pickpocket. (suffering passive)

Breakdown
thief by wallet (object) was stolen (suffering)

I was rained on and my clothes got wet. (adversative passive)

Breakdown
rain by was fallen on clothes (subject) got wet

This song is sung all over the world.

Breakdown
all over the world in this song (subject) is sung

My little brother ate my cake (on me). (suffering passive)

Breakdown
I (topic) younger brother by cake (object) was eaten (suffering)