Grammar
N4 verb-grammar

Without doing 〜ずに

Meaning

"Without doing ~" — the written and formal equivalent of 〜ないで.

Formation

Notes

する becomes せずに, never ×しずに. 〜ずに belongs to written and formal Japanese; 〜ないで is what you say. Both attach to a verb only — for "without a noun" use 〜なしで: 辞書なしで読む.

Examples

I left the house without eating breakfast.

Breakdown
breakfast (object) without eating left

She left without saying a word.

Breakdown
anything without saying went out

Is it all right to go without booking? (する → せずに)

Breakdown
reservation without doing (irregular) even if I go all right

I read the newspaper without using a dictionary.

Breakdown
dictionary (object) without using read

He kept working without resting.

Breakdown
without resting kept working

⚠️ Often confused with

Polite negative copula ではありません

The polite negative of です — "is not / am not / are not". ではありません is formal; じゃ...

Without 〜ぬきで / 〜ぬきに

"Without ~", "leaving out ~".