Grammar
N1 particle

Not even (emphatic) 〜すら

Meaning

"Even ~", "not even ~" — a written, emphatic さえ.

Formation

Notes

Interchangeable with さえ but distinctly literary, and it favours negative sentences that stress how little was achieved. Takes ですら after a person.

Examples

I could not even drink water.

Breakdown
water not even could not drink

It is a problem even experts cannot answer.

Breakdown
experts even cannot answer problem

I do not even remember the name.

Breakdown
the name not even do not remember

I did not even consult my family.

Breakdown
my family not even to did not consult

It was a situation where we were not even allowed to rest.

Breakdown
resting not even is not permitted situation

⚠️ Often confused with

Not only 〜ばかりか / 〜ばかりでなく

"Not only ~, but also …".

Not merely 〜のみならず

"Not merely ~, but also …" — the formal written "not only".

To say nothing of 〜はもちろん / 〜はもとより

"~ goes without saying, and also …".

In addition to 〜に加えて

"In addition to ~", "on top of ~".

Let alone 〜はおろか

"Let alone ~", "not only not ~ but not even ..." — the easier case fails too.

Not confined to 〜にとどまらず

"Not confined to ~", "not stopping at ~ but spreading further".