Grammar
N2 particle

Due to / per 〜につき

Meaning

"Due to ~" in official notices; also "per ~" for rates.

Formation

Notes

Two unrelated jobs share the form. As a reason it is signboard Japanese — 本日は休業につき — and never spoken. As a rate it means "per each": 一人につき二枚.

Examples

Closed today — please come tomorrow.

Breakdown
today (formal) closed for business due to tomorrow please come

No passage due to construction work.

Breakdown
under construction due to cannot pass through

You may buy up to two per person. (the "per" sense)

Breakdown
one person per up to two (flat objects) can buy

The match was called off on account of rain.

Breakdown
rainy weather due to match was cancelled

I am in a meeting, so I will contact you later.

Breakdown
in a meeting due to later (formal) will contact you

⚠️ Often confused with

Reason 〜から (because)

Gives a reason or cause — "because ~ / since ~". Subjective and conversational. Comes afte...

Reason 〜ので (formal because)

A more formal / softer "because" than から. Used in polite speech, business, and writing....

Now that 〜以上は

"Now that ~", "since ~" — given this fact, a duty or resolve follows.

As you would expect 〜だけあって

"As you would expect of ~", "no wonder, given that ~". Admiring.

Judging from 〜ことから

"From the fact that ~", "judging from ~" — states the evidence a conclusion rests on.

Owing to (literary) 〜ゆえ(に)

"Because of ~", "owing to ~" — a stiff, literary statement of cause.

Given the occasion 〜とあって

"Because it is (the special occasion of) ~" — a special situation produces a natural resul...

It is only because 〜ばこそ

"It is precisely because ~ (and nothing else)" — an emphatic, positive reason.

Made possible only by 〜あっての

"Which exists only thanks to ~", "~ is what makes it possible".

With others watching 〜手前

"Since ~ (and with people watching), I have no choice but to ..." — social face forces the...

Seeing that (apologetic) 〜こととて

"Because it is ~ (please excuse it)" — a humble reason offered with an apology.

Under the pretext of 〜にかこつけて

"Using ~ as an excuse", "under the pretext of ~".