Grammar
N3 particle

Toward / in contrast to 〜に対して

Meaning

Two jobs: the target an attitude is directed at — "toward ~" — and a contrast — "whereas ~".

Formation

Notes

As a target it marks who receives an attitude or action: 客に対して丁寧に話す. As a contrast it sets two things against each other: 兄は静かなのに対して、弟はうるさい. Before a noun it becomes に対する: 子供に対する態度.

Examples

Please speak politely to customers.

Breakdown
customers toward speak politely

Whereas the elder brother is quiet, the younger one talks a lot.

Breakdown
the elder brother is quiet whereas talks a lot

A parent's love for a child is deep. (に対する before a noun)

Breakdown
child toward (modifying) a parent's love

He did not answer that question.

Breakdown
that question in response to did not answer

Compared with last year's sales, this year's have doubled.

Breakdown
last year's sales compared with doubled

⚠️ Often confused with

About / concerning 〜について

Names the subject matter — "about ~", "concerning ~".

In / at 〜において

The formal written equivalent of で — "in ~", "at ~", "in the field of ~".

For / to 〜にとって

Gives the standpoint a judgement is made from — "for ~", "from ~'s point of view".

As / in the role of 〜として

Names a capacity or role — "as ~", "in the capacity of ~".

Suited for 〜向き / 〜向け

向き = "suited to ~ (by nature)". 向け = "made for ~ (on purpose)".

Over / concerning 〜をめぐって

"Over ~", "concerning ~" — the point people are arguing about.

When it comes to 〜にかけては

"When it comes to ~ (nobody beats them)".

Spanning 〜にわたって

"Over / across ~" — a stretch of time, space or number.

Through / throughout 〜を通じて / 〜を通して

"Through ~" (a medium); "throughout ~" (a whole span).

Centring on 〜を中心に(して)

"Centring on ~", "with ~ at the core".

From the standpoint of 〜から見ると / 〜からすると

"Seen from ~", "judging from ~".