Grammar
JLPT grammar patterns with formation, examples, and confusables.
[na-adj stem] です
na-adjective predication 〜な + です
na-adjectives behave like nouns. As a predicate, just add です: 静かです. To modify a noun, add な: 静かな町. NO い ending.
[na-adj] でした / じゃなかったです
na-adjective past / negative でした・じゃなかった
na-adjective conjugations use the copula. Past affirmative: でした. Past negative: じゃなかったです / ではありませんでした. Negative: じゃないです / ではありません.
[adj] + [noun]
Adjective + noun modifier
Both adjective types can directly modify a noun. i-adjectives attach directly (高い山). na-adjectives use な (静かな町).
〜くて (i-adj) / 〜で (na-adj)
Adjective te-form 〜くて / 〜で
The te-form of an adjective joins adjectives in a list ("A and B") or links to a following clause. i-adj: drop い → くて. na-adj: stem + で.
〜ます
Polite present 〜ます
The polite non-past affirmative of verbs — "do / will do / does". Formed from the verb stem + ます.
〜ません
Polite negative 〜ません
The polite non-past negative of verbs — "do not do / will not do".
〜ました / 〜ませんでした
Polite past 〜ました / past negative 〜ませんでした
Polite past affirmative: "did". Polite past negative: "did not do". Both attach to the verb stem.
〜る / 〜う
Dictionary form (casual non-past)
The plain / dictionary form of verbs — used in casual speech and as the base name of the verb. Also used before nouns (飲む水 "water to drink").
〜て / 〜で
Te-form 〜て (conjugation)
The te-form is the Swiss-army knife of verb grammar: it links sequential actions, makes requests (〜てください), and is the base for 〜ている, 〜てもいい, etc.
〜た / 〜だ
Ta-form (casual past) 〜た
The plain/casual past form. Same conjugation as the te-form, but with た / だ instead of て / で. Used in casual speech and as a noun modifier for past events.
〜ない / 〜ません
Nai-form (casual negative) 〜ない
The plain negative of verbs. Group 1: drop final う-sound, add あnai (書く→書かない). Group 2: drop る → ない. Group 3: する→しない, 来る→来ない.
〜ている / 〜ています
Ongoing action / state 〜ている
Two meanings: (1) action in progress — "is ~ing"; (2) resulting state of a change — "has ~ed and is now in that state".
〜たい / 〜たいです
Want to do 〜たい
Expresses the speaker's desire to do something — "I want to ~". Attaches to the verb stem. Conjugates like an i-adjective.
〜ましょう
Let's 〜ましょう
Polite volitional — "let's do ~ / shall we ~". Used to make a suggestion or offer to do something together.
〜ませんか
Invitation 〜ませんか
A soft invitation — "won't you ~? / would you like to ~?". Politer and less assertive than 〜ましょう.
〜ないでください
Please don't 〜ないでください
A polite request NOT to do something — "please don't ~".
〜てもいいです / 〜てもいいですか
Permission 〜てもいいです
"You may ~ / it's okay to ~". As a question (〜てもいいですか) = "May I ~?" As a statement = granting permission.
〜てはいけません
Prohibition 〜てはいけません
"You must not ~ / it's forbidden". Strong prohibition. Casual: 〜ちゃだめ / 〜てはいけない.
〜なければなりません / 〜なきゃ
Obligation 〜なければなりません
"Must ~ / have to ~". Expresses obligation. Built from the nai-form (conditional 〜ければ).
〜なくてもいいです
No obligation 〜なくてもいいです
"You don't have to ~ / it's not necessary to ~". The opposite of obligation.
〜ことができる / 〜られます
Potential 〜ことができる
"Can do ~ / be able to ~". The 〜ことができる form uses a noun phrase + できる. The potential verb form 〜られる / 〜える is a more conversational alternative.
〜て、〜
Te-form sequence 〜て、
Links actions in sequence — "did X, then did Y" — or as a light "and". The tense is set by the final verb.
〜たり〜たりする
Among other things 〜たり〜たりする
Lists representative actions — "doing things like A and B". Implies other activities took place as well. The verbs take the ta-form base + り.
〜から
Reason 〜から (because)
Gives a reason or cause — "because ~ / since ~". Subjective and conversational. Comes after the reason clause.
〜が、〜
But 〜が
Connects two clauses with contrast — "but / however". More formal/written than けど.
〜けど、〜
But 〜けど (colloquial)
Connects two clauses with contrast — "but / however". The everyday spoken equivalent of が.
〜前に
Before doing 〜前に
"Before doing ~". Attach to the dictionary form of a verb or a noun + の. The action AFTER 前に has NOT happened yet.
〜た後で / 〜後
After doing 〜後で
"After doing ~". Attach to the ta-form of a verb, or a noun + の. Note the contrast with 〜前に (which uses the dictionary form).
〜とき(に)
When 〜とき
"When ~ / at the time of ~". The clause before とき describes the condition/time, and the main clause describes what happens. The tense of the とき clause sets the meaning.
AよりBのほうが〜
Comparison より〜のほうが
"B is more ~ than A." Used to compare two things and state which has more of some quality.