Grammar

JLPT grammar patterns with formation, examples, and confusables.

na-adjective predication 〜な + です

na-adjectives behave like nouns. As a predicate, just add です: 静かです. To modify a noun, add な: 静かな町. NO い ending.

N5

na-adjective past / negative でした・じゃなかった

na-adjective conjugations use the copula. Past affirmative: でした. Past negative: じゃなかったです / ではありませんでした. Negative: じゃないです / ではありません.

N5

Adjective + noun modifier

Both adjective types can directly modify a noun. i-adjectives attach directly (高い山). na-adjectives use な (静かな町).

N5

Adjective te-form 〜くて / 〜で

The te-form of an adjective joins adjectives in a list ("A and B") or links to a following clause. i-adj: drop い → くて. na-adj: stem + で.

N5

Polite present 〜ます

The polite non-past affirmative of verbs — "do / will do / does". Formed from the verb stem + ます.

N5

Polite negative 〜ません

The polite non-past negative of verbs — "do not do / will not do".

N5

Polite past 〜ました / past negative 〜ませんでした

Polite past affirmative: "did". Polite past negative: "did not do". Both attach to the verb stem.

N5

Dictionary form (casual non-past)

The plain / dictionary form of verbs — used in casual speech and as the base name of the verb. Also used before nouns (飲む水 "water to drink").

N5

Te-form 〜て (conjugation)

The te-form is the Swiss-army knife of verb grammar: it links sequential actions, makes requests (〜てください), and is the base for 〜ている, 〜てもいい, etc.

N5

Ta-form (casual past) 〜た

The plain/casual past form. Same conjugation as the te-form, but with た / だ instead of て / で. Used in casual speech and as a noun modifier for past events.

N5

Nai-form (casual negative) 〜ない

The plain negative of verbs. Group 1: drop final う-sound, add あnai (書く→書かない). Group 2: drop る → ない. Group 3: する→しない, 来る→来ない.

N5

Ongoing action / state 〜ている

Two meanings: (1) action in progress — "is ~ing"; (2) resulting state of a change — "has ~ed and is now in that state".

N5

Want to do 〜たい

Expresses the speaker's desire to do something — "I want to ~". Attaches to the verb stem. Conjugates like an i-adjective.

N5

Let's 〜ましょう

Polite volitional — "let's do ~ / shall we ~". Used to make a suggestion or offer to do something together.

N5

Invitation 〜ませんか

A soft invitation — "won't you ~? / would you like to ~?". Politer and less assertive than 〜ましょう.

N5

Please don't 〜ないでください

A polite request NOT to do something — "please don't ~".

N5

Permission 〜てもいいです

"You may ~ / it's okay to ~". As a question (〜てもいいですか) = "May I ~?" As a statement = granting permission.

N5

Prohibition 〜てはいけません

"You must not ~ / it's forbidden". Strong prohibition. Casual: 〜ちゃだめ / 〜てはいけない.

N5

Obligation 〜なければなりません

"Must ~ / have to ~". Expresses obligation. Built from the nai-form (conditional 〜ければ).

N5

No obligation 〜なくてもいいです

"You don't have to ~ / it's not necessary to ~". The opposite of obligation.

N5

Potential 〜ことができる

"Can do ~ / be able to ~". The 〜ことができる form uses a noun phrase + できる. The potential verb form 〜られる / 〜える is a more conversational alternative.

N5

Te-form sequence 〜て、

Links actions in sequence — "did X, then did Y" — or as a light "and". The tense is set by the final verb.

N5

Among other things 〜たり〜たりする

Lists representative actions — "doing things like A and B". Implies other activities took place as well. The verbs take the ta-form base + り.

N5

Reason 〜から (because)

Gives a reason or cause — "because ~ / since ~". Subjective and conversational. Comes after the reason clause.

N5

But 〜が

Connects two clauses with contrast — "but / however". More formal/written than けど.

N5

But 〜けど (colloquial)

Connects two clauses with contrast — "but / however". The everyday spoken equivalent of が.

N5

Before doing 〜前に

"Before doing ~". Attach to the dictionary form of a verb or a noun + の. The action AFTER 前に has NOT happened yet.

N5

After doing 〜後で

"After doing ~". Attach to the ta-form of a verb, or a noun + の. Note the contrast with 〜前に (which uses the dictionary form).

N5

When 〜とき

"When ~ / at the time of ~". The clause before とき describes the condition/time, and the main clause describes what happens. The tense of the とき clause sets the meaning.

N5

Comparison より〜のほうが

"B is more ~ than A." Used to compare two things and state which has more of some quality.

N5